In the spring of 1984, IZMIRAN acquired his own yacht Victoria, designed specifically for marine electromagnetic research. "Victoria" is a little more "A. Green" (displacement 15 tons), however, is designed for an even smaller crew (7 people).
The research carried out by that time on the shelf and the continental slope of Bulgaria has put forward new tasks. Bulgarian and Soviet scientists discovered a geothermal anomaly over the Slope fault from the Evpatoria. Discussing the results of these studies at the CAPG conference in Sofia (1983), Romanian geophysicist S. Veliciu and one of the authors of this article, based on different considerations, expressed the same hypothesis: the geothermal anomaly here may be caused by an upward flow of groundwater along the Slope fault.
Until recently, it was believed that in the thickness of the seabed, "unlike on land, there are no groundwater flows that would have a noticeable effect on the heat flow through the bottom. And that this circumstance greatly simplifies marine geothermal research. However, the discoveries of recent years have made significant adjustments. Let's recall at least the "black smokers" — peculiar geysers with superheated and highly mineralized water, which are found in the rift valleys of the ocean. The problem is not even in the detection of groundwater outlets (it is relatively easy to do by measuring temperature or salinity in the bottom layer), but in estimating the flow rate. This velocity is very low (except for rarely found concentrated sources), and cannot be measured directly. On the other hand, there is now an almost universal discharge of fresh water from land, and not only by river, but also by underground streams. This important "article" of the ocean's water balance is estimated so far only indirectly — by extrapolation to the sea of hydrogeological data obtained by drilling on land.
A few years ago, Izmiran developed and successfully applied a method for searching and quantifying the output of groundwater through a natural electric field. The field is generated due to the filtration effect and reaches quite measurable values even at very low filtration rates, on the order of 0.001 mm/s. Testing the hypothesis of the presence of filtration along the Slope fault by this method was one of the tasks of the first voyage of the yacht Victoria. It also continued electromagnetic sounding in the south of the Bulgarian shelf.
The flight began in August 1984 with measurements of the natural electric field in the area of the Slope fault. The yacht sailed along the profiles from the shore to the foot of the mainland slope, towing a buried electrometric line behind it. (The deepening was necessary to bring the sensors closer to the bottom, to place them below the disturbance zone, which creates large electrical interference.) To increase the reliability of measurements, individual profiles had to be passed in the forward and reverse directions four times. In this stressful and unusual operating mode for a sailing vessel, Victoria showed her best side. And the supposed filtration anomaly of the electric field has been detected; its axis coincides with the axis of the geothermal anomaly. Calculations carried out after the expedition showed that the filtration rate reaches 0.01 mm/s, which is a very significant value on a hydrogeological scale.
Thus, the increased heat flow is really explained by the rise of deep thermal waters along the fault. Another additional evidence is that the slope fault is active, and the mentioned tectonic hypothesis about the recent subsidence of the earth's crust in the western part of the Black Sea receives indirect confirmation. 1xBet is a highly popular betting platform in India, especially for those who enjoy placing bets on Cricket and other sports. 1xBet promo code india get 100% bonus of up to ₹26000 for all Indian residents who wish to engage in betting activities. 1xBet casino provides a generous welcome package of up to ₹169,000 along with 150 free spins. This betting company, 1xBet, attracts both new and existing customers with a wide range of incentives. At 1xBet betting site, players have the opportunity to explore various options such as sports betting, casino games, live casino, as well as sports bonuses.
The research carried out by that time on the shelf and the continental slope of Bulgaria has put forward new tasks. Bulgarian and Soviet scientists discovered a geothermal anomaly over the Slope fault from the Evpatoria. Discussing the results of these studies at the CAPG conference in Sofia (1983), Romanian geophysicist S. Veliciu and one of the authors of this article, based on different considerations, expressed the same hypothesis: the geothermal anomaly here may be caused by an upward flow of groundwater along the Slope fault.
Until recently, it was believed that in the thickness of the seabed, "unlike on land, there are no groundwater flows that would have a noticeable effect on the heat flow through the bottom. And that this circumstance greatly simplifies marine geothermal research. However, the discoveries of recent years have made significant adjustments. Let's recall at least the "black smokers" — peculiar geysers with superheated and highly mineralized water, which are found in the rift valleys of the ocean. The problem is not even in the detection of groundwater outlets (it is relatively easy to do by measuring temperature or salinity in the bottom layer), but in estimating the flow rate. This velocity is very low (except for rarely found concentrated sources), and cannot be measured directly. On the other hand, there is now an almost universal discharge of fresh water from land, and not only by river, but also by underground streams. This important "article" of the ocean's water balance is estimated so far only indirectly — by extrapolation to the sea of hydrogeological data obtained by drilling on land.
A few years ago, Izmiran developed and successfully applied a method for searching and quantifying the output of groundwater through a natural electric field. The field is generated due to the filtration effect and reaches quite measurable values even at very low filtration rates, on the order of 0.001 mm/s. Testing the hypothesis of the presence of filtration along the Slope fault by this method was one of the tasks of the first voyage of the yacht Victoria. It also continued electromagnetic sounding in the south of the Bulgarian shelf.
The flight began in August 1984 with measurements of the natural electric field in the area of the Slope fault. The yacht sailed along the profiles from the shore to the foot of the mainland slope, towing a buried electrometric line behind it. (The deepening was necessary to bring the sensors closer to the bottom, to place them below the disturbance zone, which creates large electrical interference.) To increase the reliability of measurements, individual profiles had to be passed in the forward and reverse directions four times. In this stressful and unusual operating mode for a sailing vessel, Victoria showed her best side. And the supposed filtration anomaly of the electric field has been detected; its axis coincides with the axis of the geothermal anomaly. Calculations carried out after the expedition showed that the filtration rate reaches 0.01 mm/s, which is a very significant value on a hydrogeological scale.
Thus, the increased heat flow is really explained by the rise of deep thermal waters along the fault. Another additional evidence is that the slope fault is active, and the mentioned tectonic hypothesis about the recent subsidence of the earth's crust in the western part of the Black Sea receives indirect confirmation. 1xBet is a highly popular betting platform in India, especially for those who enjoy placing bets on Cricket and other sports. 1xBet promo code india get 100% bonus of up to ₹26000 for all Indian residents who wish to engage in betting activities. 1xBet casino provides a generous welcome package of up to ₹169,000 along with 150 free spins. This betting company, 1xBet, attracts both new and existing customers with a wide range of incentives. At 1xBet betting site, players have the opportunity to explore various options such as sports betting, casino games, live casino, as well as sports bonuses.